For how we live.
A Markov model of one U.S. birth cohort projects 255 chronic hepatitis B infections under universal birth-dose vaccination, rising 19% if the dose is deferred and 83% under shared decision-making (modelled).
A modelling study of Koungou village, calibrated to daily cases by vaccination status, estimates CVD 103-HgR prevented 87% of cholera and averted hundreds of cases — a first real-world test of a challenge-trial vaccine.
A case-control study of young children during a statewide whooping-cough outbreak found three or more DTaP doses cut the odds of pertussis by more than 25-fold against unvaccinated peers.
In the 17,701-person E.mbrace trial in adults 60 and older, the nine-valent ExPEC9V vaccine showed 14.63% efficacy, with a confidence interval spanning zero. It stopped early for futility; development is discontinued.
In a 180-infant phase 1/2 trial, a live-attenuated intranasal RSV vaccine raised neutralising antibodies in two-thirds or more of RSV-naive babies but barely budged those already exposed. Sanofi funded the study.
A nationwide study of 624,713 first births found quadrivalent HPV vaccination before pregnancy associated with modestly lower odds of preterm birth and growth restriction, strongest among women vaccinated youngest.
A prespecified analysis of 131,276 older adults found RSVpreF cut RSV hospitalisations overall. In the immunosuppressed, baseline risk was nine times higher — but the subgroup was too small to prove it helped them.
In a Canadian cohort of 228 women with HIV, antibody titres matched those of women without HIV and cervical precancer was not recorded — but protection tracked with viral suppression.
In preregistered trials of more than 90,000 patients, telling people an algorithm flagged them as high-risk lifted vaccination by a few points — and saying the algorithm was involved changed nothing.
A first-of-its-kind report from Uzbekistan puts the case-fatality rate at 8.3%. The one sign that predicted death was present in just 3.1% of patients — a warning against waiting for it.
National surveillance recorded 60,826 cases in Japan by July 2025 — about 15 times the previous year's 4054 — concentrated in school-age children, while four other countries had already peaked and declined.
An MMWR report describes 249 cases statewide, 72% of outbreak patients hospitalised and no deaths, and urges vaccination before travel as exposures continue into 2026.
In a 366-child phase 2b trial, the live attenuated nasal vaccine BPZE1 raised the mucosal antibody current shots miss, and did not blunt a co-given Tdap. The maker funded the study.
A phase 2b trial in 4936 Gambian children missed its primary endpoint, but ETVAX cut moderate-to-severe ETEC diarrhoea by 80.6% once parasite co-infections were excluded.
A phase 1 trial in 288 Chinese children found the experimental injectable vaccine well tolerated and able to raise antibodies. It measured immune response, not whether it prevents disease.
A cluster-randomised trial in nearly 2,000 US nursing homes found fewer confirmed influenza outbreaks with a recombinant vaccine in a moderate flu season, but no difference in a near-flu-free one.
There is still no licensed Lyme vaccine. In a phase 2 trial of VLA15, a second yearly booster revived antibody levels against all six OspA serotypes, with more sore arms but no new safety signals.
A US analysis of the 2025-2026 vaccines targeting the LP.8.1 lineage found both an mRNA-1283 and a BNT162b2 shot reduced COVID hospitalisation in older adults, with the strongest effect in those aged 75 and over.
In 643 Indian infants, an adjuvanted dose-sparing IPV with about a quarter of the antigen was non-inferior to standard IPV across all three poliovirus types — a possible answer to supply strain.
Yes, within limits. Short sleep is linked to more colds and weaker vaccine responses, but the strongest effects turn up when sleep is measured objectively, not from what people report.
A review of the Africa CDC and WHO response reports 49,803 confirmed cases and 240 deaths across 28 countries, US$977 million mobilised, and just 32% of 3.1 million delivered vaccine doses administered.
Two WHO-endorsed shots are now available, but a new analysis argues the harder problem is financing them in the lowest-income, highest-burden countries. Nigerian rollout data shows demand outpacing readiness.
Measles incidence edged up and rubella more than doubled across 22 countries in 2023–2024, with outbreaks in Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan driving the trend as second-dose coverage stalled.
In heart patients, randomised trials link influenza vaccination to fewer cardiovascular events and deaths. The effect is clearest in the highest-risk patients, and the largest trial stopped early.
It does not. In a Danish cohort of 657,461 children, vaccinated children had a fully adjusted autism hazard ratio of 0.93; a meta-analysis of 1,256,407 children found no link with MMR, thimerosal or mercury.
A study of 46 pathogens attributes about 66,400 child deaths in 2023 to Streptococcus pneumoniae across G20 countries, with the heaviest load falling on India, South Africa and Indonesia.
From January 2026 children in England are offered varicella vaccine as MMRV at 12 and 18 months. Pooled trial data put one dose near 81% effective against any chickenpox and 98% against severe disease.
HPV drove 71.7% of US oropharyngeal cancers in the most recent period studied, and incidence in men rose 2.7% a year through 2017. Vaccination cuts the oral infections behind them.
Two randomised UK trials tested giving the vaccines together. Systemic reactions stayed mostly mild and immune responses held up, though one trial saw more sore arms and a dip in COVID antibodies with co-administration.
The injected vaccine contains no live virus. In a Cochrane review, inactivated vaccines raised fever only from 1.5% to 2.3%, and a randomised crossover trial found no excess systemic symptoms over saline placebo.
On ten monitored flights, passengers away from a sick traveller faced low transmission risk, and every air sample tested negative for common viruses. Measles is the exception that proves the rule.
As RTS,S reached more than 2 million children in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi, a WHO-coordinated pilot trained about 6,000 health workers to detect and report side-effects that most rollouts assume can already be caught.
A modelling study finds South Africa's selective birth-dose policy is efficient per infection averted, but giving every newborn a dose would prevent the most disease and be the most cost-effective overall.
By 2023, 22% of children in Mali and 16% in Chad had received no routine vaccine at all, an analysis of WHO figures found, with measles coverage stuck below 90% across most of the belt.
A randomised trial put a number on how much misinformation lowers vaccination intent. A systematic review mapped how common it is. And inoculation studies show the skill of spotting it can be trained at scale.
Immunosenescence, the age-related decline of immunity, is real: the thymus shrinks and the T-cell repertoire narrows. The proven counter is not a supplement but vaccines engineered to force a response.
A meta-analysis of 56 trials and 134,424 children finds RTS,S and R21 cut clinical malaria by about a third overall, with efficacy strongest alongside seasonal chemoprevention and waning after 36 months.
WHO flagged a drifted A(H3N2) subclade K in December; the first 2025-2026 effectiveness data, from 1.4 million US veterans, put overall protection near 22% and protection against hospitalisation near 32%.
Trials show both new vaccines raise protective antibody levels in almost everyone. The unsettled question is the live-attenuated shot's safety in the older adults most likely to be hospitalised.
The childhood infection clears on its own in most children and has no specific antiviral. The evidence that matters is about the rare severe case — and where it happens.
Eligibility set by exact date of birth created a natural experiment. Vaccinated people had a 20% lower relative risk of dementia over seven years. It is one striking study, and it tested the older live vaccine.
Paediatric bodies advise formal autism screening at 18 and 24 months; a US task force found the evidence for universal screening merely insufficient, not against it. Large studies find no link to vaccines.
A 1,784-child randomised trial in Uganda found one-fifth and one-half doses of the 17DD vaccine matched the full dose for initial immunity — evidence for dose-sparing in young children when supplies run short.
The vaccines and antibody drugs that cut Ebola's death rate work against the Zaire species. None is approved for the Bundibugyo virus now driving the largest Ebola outbreak in Congo's history.
The prequalification is about delivery, not efficacy: a cheaper, multi-dose presentation of RSVpreF meant to make large-scale rollout feasible where almost all RSV deaths occur.
A Global Burden of Disease 2021 analysis of 5-to-9-year-olds finds falling disability rates worldwide, yet projects that South and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa will still carry the heaviest load.
4CMenB had shown promise against gonorrhoea in observational data. Randomised, its efficacy was minus 0.5%. In the same field, a once-weekly oral HIV regimen met non-inferiority at 48 weeks.
It hangs in the air for up to two hours and infects the great majority of susceptible people it reaches. Less well known: it can erase part of the immune memory a person had already built to other diseases.
The more contagious a disease, the more of a population must be immune to stop it spreading. Measles sets the bar near 95%. It is not one figure but a range that depends on where you are.
Every vaccine does the same job — teach the immune system to recognise a pathogen before it arrives. What differs is how they show it the target: live, inactivated, protein, viral vector, or mRNA.
WHO validated Bhutan's elimination of dog-transmitted human rabies, a disease almost always fatal once symptoms appear. The country has recorded zero such deaths since June 2023.
The Vaccine Integrity Project, formed in 2025 amid disruptions to the CDC's immunisation advisory committee, sets out its process for reviewing 2026–2027 respiratory-season vaccines.
JAMA published paired systematic reviews for the coming respiratory season. Both found vaccines reduced hospitalisation across age groups, with no new safety signals, though protection wanes over time.
WHO recorded serogroup W135 disease in pilgrims returning from Saudi Arabia in early 2025. A modelling study estimates high vaccination coverage would cut expected cases by more than 80%.
Across 166,390 tests during Brazil's outbreak, two TAK-003 doses were 73% effective against symptomatic dengue and 88% against hospitalisation, with no sign of waning.
Gavi is funding a standing mpox vaccine stockpile, coordinated by the same group that manages emergency supplies for cholera, yellow fever and Ebola, to avoid repeating the 2022 access gap.
Ervebo was licensed against Zaire ebolavirus. WHO says it is not known whether it protects against Bundibugyo virus in humans — which is why a trial is running alongside the wider rollout.
Two pragmatic randomised trials and a Medicare nursing home cohort landed in the same week. Together they show real protection against hospitalisation and a durability question nobody has answered.
Comparing US adults vaccinated just before and just after the changeover from the live to the recombinant shingles vaccine, researchers found a 9% lower cardiovascular burden over seven years.
A registry analysis of Abyan Governorate from 2020 to 2024 puts numbers on a vaccine-preventable disease that returned as immunisation coverage fell — with the heaviest toll among children aged 5 to 9.
HHS Secretary Kennedy held the money over Gavi's use of a mercury-based preservative most safety reviews call harmless in trace amounts. Gavi says it was already phasing the ingredient out.
An analysis of a decade of surveillance data shows the system leans heavily on hospitals and misses cases in the community — the weakness that lets measles circulate undetected between outbreaks.
A ruling comes in November. The country has held the status since 2000, and 2026 has already produced more cases than any year in three decades.
The advisory committee that shaped U.S. immunization policy for decades was replaced, then bypassed. In March a judge stayed the result.
Three surveillance networks put 2025/26 effectiveness between 22% and 45% against a drifted H3N2 virus. The figure is a comparison between vaccinated and unvaccinated people who all got tested.
VPM1002 did not show non-inferiority to BCG for preventing tuberculosis infection in a phase 3 trial across sub-Saharan Africa. Far fewer infections occurred than planned, leaving the comparison unresolved.
A case-control study by MSF's Epicentre and WHO put NmCV-5's adjusted effectiveness at 92% against meningococcal meningitis after 2024 campaigns in Niger — on a small sample of 17 confirmed cases.
Two national studies settle the question the trials could not: in England, cancer rates fell 87% among those vaccinated at 12-13; in Sweden, the risk was cut by nearly two-thirds.
Pooling the trials, one- and two-dose HPV schedules produced lower antibody titres than three doses but still cut persistent infection — with the usual caveat about surrogate endpoints.
Blood samples from a West African vaccine trial show both licensed Ebola vaccines generate antibodies that bind Bundibugyo virus — the species with no vaccine of its own, now causing DRC's largest outbreak on record.
The appeal is moving on an expedited track, with a status report due this month. But CIDRAP's vaccine-policy trackers make a pointed argument: a working committee could exist right now, if HHS chose to seat one.
Years of observational data suggested 4CMenB cut gonorrhea risk by a third or more. A placebo-controlled trial in 654 people at high risk found essentially no effect at all.
Coverage for adult vaccines like pneumococcal sits around a third of those eligible, far below targets. The evidence points less to refusal than to cost, insurance and the absence of a routine adult-vaccine visit.
CDC data through July 2 puts 2026 at 2,170 confirmed cases, just short of all of 2025's 2,289. Ninety-three percent of this year's cases are linked to active outbreaks.
A New England Journal of Medicine review of the ongoing outbreak lays out what is and isn't known about treating Bundibugyo virus disease — and why Ebola virus countermeasures may offer partial cover.
The committee's founding document now asks for a 'balanced range' of expertise rather than vaccine-specific knowledge, and adds review of non-vaccine alternatives to its mandate.
A WHO global update logged 79 human infections in the Americas and 16 confirmed cases in Africa by late May, with the virus surfacing in areas long considered free of it.
A national database of ~90% of public facilities found all-cause diarrhoea incidence in under-fives dropped 50% and hospitalisations 58% after 2020, with no rise in intussusception.
A Lancet evaluation of the RTS,S introduction in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi reports a 13% drop in mortality among vaccine-eligible children — achieved with third-dose coverage of 71% and fourth-dose uptake under 40%.
Two vaccines cut RSV lower-respiratory illness in older adults by roughly two-thirds to four-fifths in their pivotal trials. US guidance now recommends them for everyone 75 and older and for high-risk adults from 50.
New conjugate vaccines replaced a confusing two-shot sequence with a single dose. The efficacy evidence is solid for the older conjugate; the newest ones ride on immune-response data, not their own outcome trials.
Judge Brian Murphy found the government likely broke two federal laws when it bypassed ACIP and replaced its members. The ruling reverts the childhood schedule and cancels this week's ACIP meeting.
A test-negative study found the TYPHIBEV conjugate vaccine 89% effective against confirmed typhoid in Nepali children over 30 months, with weaker and far less certain protection under age five.
In a 20,000-child trial across eight endemic countries, TAK-003 was 61.2% effective against symptomatic dengue and 84.1% against hospitalisation — but protection was narrower in children never previously infected.
WHO updated all three components for the 2026-2027 northern hemisphere season after subclade K dominated globally, and recommended a new candidate vaccine virus for an H9N2 avian strain.
In its pivotal trials the recombinant vaccine cut shingles cases by about 90 to 97 percent. Guidelines recommend two doses for adults from age 50, and for immunocompromised adults from 19.
The objection turns on a no-treatment arm. WHO says placebo or no-treatment vaccine trials are acceptable only where no proven intervention exists, and here one does.
A study in patients with VITT maps the trigger to a specific epitope on an adenoviral core protein, and to a single amino acid change that redirects the antibody onto a human platelet protein.
WHO and CDC estimate cases climbed about 20% in a single year, and the number of countries hit by large or disruptive outbreaks jumped from 36 to 57 — while global first-dose coverage stayed flat.
Global oral cholera vaccine supply has roughly doubled since 2022, enough to release 20 million doses for prevention rather than outbreak response. Nearly all of it comes from a single company.
The American Academy of Pediatrics' 2026 schedule covers 18 diseases and carries 12 outside endorsements. The federal schedule signed three weeks earlier lists 11 vaccines for all children.
Eleven vaccines remain recommended for all children. The rest move to risk-based or shared-decision categories, on the strength of a comparison with 20 other countries.
A federal recommendation is load-bearing for insurance coverage, the Vaccines for Children programme, and school requirements. States have started building alternatives to all three.
The 5 December directive tells HHS and the CDC to compare the American childhood schedule with those of other wealthy nations, using a count of diseases as its benchmark.
ACIP replaced a recommendation in place since 1991 with individual decision-making for babies born to mothers who test negative. The CDC has not yet adopted it.
The Bulape outbreak in Kasai Province ended 88 days after it was declared, with a case fatality ratio above 70% and nearly 48,000 people vaccinated.
A TB vaccine financing plan, six target product profiles for children's cancer drugs, and a paediatric research agenda. All three are attempts to specify a product before a market decides to build it.
The committee meets 18-19 September on COVID-19, hepatitis B and MMRV vaccines. RSV was dropped two days before. Adopted recommendations carry insurance and Vaccines for Children consequences.
Two healthy children in Lae tested positive for cVDPV2 genetically linked to an Indonesian outbreak, in a country where coverage for a third oral polio dose was 44% in 2024.
The final analysis of a 28,130-child trial found roughly 78% efficacy over more than four years, evidence that underpins WHO's push to roll the conjugate vaccine out in endemic countries.