Is oat milk healthier than cow's milk? Neither wins outright
Oat drinks carry less saturated fat and no lactose, but far less protein than milk, and even unsweetened versions list free sugars. How they compare depends heavily on fortification.
Signs of vitamin B12 deficiency, and the groups who actually need to watch for it
Classic B12 deficiency is relatively uncommon, but it clusters: in people over 50 whose absorption fails, in vegans whose intake does, and around metformin, acid-lowering drugs and stomach surgery.
Vitamin B12: who actually needs to worry, and who is being oversold
Adults need about 2.4 micrograms a day, and most meat-eaters get it easily. Real deficiency clusters in older people, whose absorption fails, and in vegans, whose intake does.
The Portfolio diet: a plant-based pattern built to lower cholesterol
A randomised trial found the Portfolio diet cut LDL cholesterol by about 13%, and a large cohort study links closer adherence to lower cardiovascular risk. Its authors' industry funding belongs in the record.
Vegan diets: the cardiometabolic upside and the nutrient gaps
A twins trial found a vegan diet lowered LDL cholesterol, insulin and weight in eight weeks. The same pattern comes with real gaps — vitamin B12 must be supplemented, and iron stores tend to run lower.