For how we live.
In 5,520 children across 34 states, prenatal exposure to regulated public-water fluoride showed no association with emotional or behavioural problems overall — with one caveat in a secondary model.
In nearly 12,000 US children, tree and park cover was linked to sharper directed attention and higher crystallized intelligence — and cleaner air seemed to explain part of it.
A cohort of 4,018 children found nearly half were picky at some point, but two-thirds remitted within three years and prevalence fell to 13.2% by age 6. About 4% stayed persistently picky.
A prospective study found that beginning intensive training before 27 months did not bring completion any sooner — and lengthened the process. Normal completion ages span well over a year.
Three successive birth cohorts over 22 years show falling prenatal pollution and rising test scores together. A separate review explains why the pathway from one to the other is still poorly mapped.
WHO data put the normal window for walking alone at 8.2 to 17.6 months. The 2022 CDC checklists moved to the age by which 75% of children reach a milestone — to flag real delay, not redefine normal.
A randomised trial tracked infants' cortisol and attachment; a five-year follow-up tracked mental health. Graduated extinction improved sleep with no sign of long-term damage — or lasting benefit.
A 2,836-pair analysis of the ECHO cohort found one of four compounds associated with parent-reported sleep problems. A Shanghai study of bone density found opposite directions in girls and boys.
Longitudinal data and a meta-analysis of 159,425 children find consistent associations between screen time and development — but the effects are small, observational, and thinner than the guidelines imply.
In 2,077 children, higher processed-food intake at age 3 tracked with worse behavioral and emotional scores at age 5. It's an association from a birth cohort, not a trial, and can't establish that the food caused it.
A study of 5,459 municipalities projects annual costs of $228-264 million by mid-century, with the largest absolute burden in the South and the fastest relative growth in the North.