For how we live.
Smoking is the leading modifiable cause, and the most common presenting sign is blood in the urine. There is no recommended screening test, which makes that sign the thing to act on.
A 4,066-person survey series across Funafuti and the outer islands links second-hand smoke exposure — reported by 61% of participants — to obesity and elevated STOP-Bang scores.
The disease is lethal largely because it is found late. That is also why guidelines recommend against screening the general public — the evidence says it would do more harm than good.
Cross-sectional studies from the country's south and east report about a third of respondents vaping, with attitudes — not knowledge — the factor most strongly linked to use.
Two large randomised trials found low-dose CT screening cut lung-cancer deaths in heavy smokers. The eligibility rules are narrow, and the reason is written into the evidence.
A large US analysis attributed 42 percent of cancer cases to modifiable risk factors. One factor dwarfs all the others, and it is not diet.
An econometric analysis of the 2019 European Health Interview Survey prices smoking-attributable inpatient and daycare hospitalisation across the EU — deliberately excluding every other kind of care.