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A network meta-analysis of 331 trials and 34,285 adults found no significant differences between the main psychotherapies, with one exception. In children and adolescents the picture is narrower.
A network meta-analysis of 101 trials and 11,910 patients found no significant difference between psychotherapy and medication for adult depression — and a consistent advantage for combining them.
The largest syntheses find apps beat doing nothing on depression and anxiety by about a third of a standard deviation — but the edge shrinks against real treatment, and one umbrella review found no convincing proof.
Seventy-three trials, and a familiar pattern: the benefit versus no treatment shrinks by a third when only the best-conducted studies are counted. The head-to-head comparisons rest on a few hundred people.
In 270 patients whose voices persisted despite antipsychotics, the therapy beat matched clinical contact on hallucination severity by 2.26 points — significant, with a Cohen's d of 0.27.