For how we live.
Pooling 32 trials, researchers found milk, whey, casein, and soy protein lowered LDL and total cholesterol slightly — but the effect shrank once weaker studies were excluded.
The fear that a high-protein diet damages normal kidneys is not supported by the trial evidence. Protein restriction is a therapy studied in people who already have kidney disease — a different question entirely.
Sarcopenia got a formal definition and diagnostic cut-offs. The clinical guidelines that followed back resistance exercise strongly — and are far more cautious about protein powders, vitamin D and drugs.
A meta-regression of 23 hypertrophy studies found total intake the strongest predictor and no timing effect after adjustment. A later network meta-analysis of 116 trials still favours post-exercise, narrowly.
A NHANES analysis of 5,736 US adults over 60 found the benefit of higher protein directionally present and statistically imprecise. A meta-analysis of protein at breakfast found nothing at all.
The 2025–2030 edition was released January 7. It is the first to name highly processed foods, and the first whose saturated-fat arithmetic does not obviously close.