For how we live.
The bumps are plugged hair follicles, not dirt or a deficiency. Keratolytics help modestly and temporarily: lactic acid cut lesions 66% and salicylic acid 52% over 12 weeks, but they return when you stop.
Grinding and clenching in sleep is common, and in healthy people experts now class it as a behaviour rather than a disorder. But the evidence on how common it is, and what causes it, is thinner than you would expect.
For a few seconds to a couple of minutes you are awake but frozen, sometimes with a sense of a presence in the room. It is REM sleep intruding into wakefulness — common, frightening and, on its own, harmless.
Childhood sleepwalking is usually harmless and outgrown. In adults it is rarer but a different proposition — one clinic series found most had done something violent during an episode and one in six had been injured.
Children reach words at different ages, and many late talkers catch up. But a wait-and-see approach can miss those who need help, so certain milestones and warning signs are worth acting on early.
A Cochrane review of 39 trials found a steroid injection lowered heel pain by about 6 points on a 100-point scale in the first month, and made no difference by six months. Most cases settle anyway.
For acute ankle sprains, a review found only two poor trials and no clear benefit from ice. For sore muscles, cold-water immersion helps modestly. For low-back pain, a heat wrap has the best support.
A 503-patient trial found surgery no better than physiotherapy plus a steroid injection for frozen shoulder. A meta-analysis of 65 studies pointed to early intra-articular steroid as the one clear winner.
Cochrane pooled 106 randomised trials in 13,631 people; a phenotype-led update reached 152 studies. The best evidence is feature-by-feature — brimonidine for redness, ivermectin and azelaic acid for pustules.
A parental history of acne carries a pooled odds ratio of 2.91. Dairy carries 1.25, from observational studies with demonstrated publication bias — and diet appears nowhere in the treatment guideline.