For how we live.
Pooled randomised trials show caffeine pushes blood pressure up sharply in the hour after a dose. But when the caffeine arrives as coffee, and over weeks rather than minutes, the effect shrinks toward nothing.
A 17-cohort meta-analysis links each extra 1,000 daily steps to 15% lower mortality, and brisk walkers outlive slow ones. But walking builds little strength or top-end fitness.
A 2016 meta-analysis found training a muscle twice a week beat once. A larger 2019 update found the edge vanished once weekly volume was equated — leaving frequency as a scheduling choice.
A meta-regression found each extra weekly set added about 0.37% more growth, a graded but flattening curve. A separate trial found strength barely moved between one, three and five sets.
Across 29 studies the overall effect on chronic back pain was not significant. Split by whether the current was strong enough to be clearly felt, one subgroup showed a large effect and the other none.
Cochrane found a clinically important 15.2-point pain reduction across 249 trials. A reanalysis excluding trials with fewer than 70 participants put the effect below the threshold that counts as meaningful.
The glucagon and GLP-1 dual agonist, already approved in China, cut bodyweight 18.1% at 16 mg and 15.6% at 10 mg over 32 weeks versus 0.9% on placebo in a US phase 2 trial.
A meta-analysis of 116 randomised trials found weight, waist and body fat falling steadily up to 300 minutes a week. In one 24-week trial, 48% of participants compensated by about 308 kcal a day.
A dose-response meta-analysis of 94 cohorts and more than 30 million people found the steepest part of the curve sits between zero and the recommended weekly dose, with small and uncertain gains above double it.
A 2025 meta-analysis of 57 studies found the mortality curve bending at about 7,000 steps a day. The 10,000 figure traces to the trade name of a Japanese step counter sold in 1965.
Three cohorts, 147,374 people, 30 years and 35,798 deaths. The dose-response curve flattened above 120 minutes per week, and the cancer signal appeared at the low end, not the high end.