For how we live.
A case-crossover study of 29,604 arrests over a decade found risk lowest around the 86th temperature percentile and higher at both local extremes, with the cold tail slightly larger.
A meta-analysis spanning two decades of research found extreme cold carried a higher relative risk of death than extreme heat or heatwaves — even as warming shifts public attention toward summer temperatures.
A 2025 meta-analysis found cold-water immersion cut stress 12 hours later, but not immediately — and its effect on immunity and mood did not hold up.
A 14-year national analysis finds temperature-related death rates rising fastest in the group that started highest — and the same pattern in cold deaths, which fell for everyone else.
Twelve years of English primary care records put a price on weather. The heat effect is loud and short; the cold effect is quiet, cumulative, and much larger.
A nine-year case time-series across every municipality finds both ends of the temperature range raise mortality risk on a Caribbean island, with the burden spread unevenly across towns.