What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Both raise blood sugar, but for opposite reasons. Type 1 is an autoimmune loss of insulin; type 2 is the body resisting the insulin it makes. Type 2 accounts for 90 to 95 percent of cases.
Hives that keep coming back are usually not an allergy — they are your own immune system
Chronic hives are mast-cell driven and usually have no external trigger. Antihistamines clear some cases; at 12 weeks omalizumab cut a weekly itch score by 9.8 points at 300 mg, against 5.1 on placebo.
A second IGF-1 receptor blocker clears the bar in thyroid eye disease
In the phase 3 THRIVE trial, veligrotug shrank bulging eyes in 70% of patients versus 5% on placebo. It is the first serious challenger to the only drug approved for the condition.
Adding immunoglobulin to steroids improved new-onset myositis in a small trial
A single-centre randomised trial found that three cycles of intravenous immunoglobulin on top of high-dose steroids improved muscle disease faster and further — in just 44 patients, at one Dutch hospital.
An IL-6 blocker eased thyroid eye disease but hit its main goal in one of two trials
Satralizumab reduced eye-bulging and inflammation in thyroid eye disease across the twin SatraGO phase 3 trials, but the primary proptosis endpoint reached statistical significance in only one of them.
Brepocitinib 30 mg beat placebo in dermatomyositis; 15 mg did not
The phase 3 VALOR trial met its primary endpoint at the higher dose of the oral TYK2-JAK1 inhibitor, with more serious infections — a benefit and a safety signal that arrive together.
JAK inhibitors regrow hair in severe alopecia areata. About a third reach the endpoint
In two phase 3 trials, 38.8% and 35.9% on baricitinib 4 mg reached near-complete scalp regrowth at 36 weeks against 6.2% and 3.3% on placebo — the first drug class to do this for the condition.
A Treg-boosting drug cut eczema severity by 61% in a mid-stage trial
Rezpegaldesleukin works by expanding the immune system's regulatory T cells rather than blocking an inflammatory signal — a new mechanism for atopic dermatitis, tested so far only in a phase 2b study.
In giant cell arteritis, stopping upadacitinib at a year let disease roar back
Patients in remission who stayed on the JAK inhibitor through a second year flared far less than those switched to placebo — 7.4% versus 59.5% — in an extension of the SELECT-GCA trial.
Secukinumab missed its mark in a giant cell arteritis trial
In the phase 3 GCAptAIN trial the interleukin-17A blocker did not significantly beat placebo for sustained remission at one year, leaving the IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab as the proven steroid-sparing option.
Obinutuzumab beat placebo for active lupus outside the kidney in phase 3
In the ALLEGORY trial, 76.7% of patients with active SLE reached the SRI-4 response at 52 weeks on the B-cell–depleting antibody versus 53.5% on placebo, extending a drug already cleared for lupus nephritis.
Researchers trace a rare vaccine clotting disorder to one antibody gene and one mutation
A study in patients with VITT maps the trigger to a specific epitope on an adenoviral core protein, and to a single amino acid change that redirects the antibody onto a human platelet protein.
The 2025 medicine Nobel goes to the discovery of regulatory T cells
Three laureates, three papers, and a 30-year gap between the first observation and the therapies it enabled. The prize rewards work that was against the consensus when it was published.