For how we live.
The REACT study imaged people aged 18 to 70 with no known cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis was already present in some people in their twenties, and it was usually in the legs, not the heart.
A Chinese cohort found serum PCBs associated with a higher calculated 10-year cardiovascular risk. The longitudinal results did not survive correction for multiple testing, and no events were counted.
A first-in-human trial of Kylo-11 reports 97% reduction at 48 weeks after a single dose. A lepodisiran analysis reports near-total clearance of the oxidised phospholipids Lp(a) carries.
A trial of an anti-inflammatory antibody cut cardiovascular events without changing lipids. A genetic study of 194,418 people found the inflammation marker everyone measures is not itself causal.
The American Heart Association said so in 2012. A 2026 synthesis of 19 systematic reviews found most pooled associations negligible in magnitude, and a genetic analysis found no direct causal path.
Genetic and trial evidence establishes LDL as causal for atherosclerosis. The same kinds of evidence, applied to HDL, found that raising it does not lower heart attack risk.
VESALIUS-CV randomised 12,257 patients with atherosclerosis or diabetes but no prior MI or stroke. Evolocumab reduced the three-point event rate from 8.0% to 6.2% over a median 4.6 years.